Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931). Over time, exposure to institutions, laws, and habits creates racial or national character. Although Gustave Le Bon was originally trained as a physician, Le Bon's primary contribution was in sociology, where he developed major theories on crowd behavior.. No doubt, the barbarous Christian Europe would have gotten the same flourishing civilization which Spain obtained under the banner of Arab civilization and, after being edified, would have avoided such severe catastrophes of religious wars, the epic of San Barthélémy, the wrongdoings of inquisitions and, in short, all calamities from which the Muslims were far yet tinted Europe with blood along many centuries.”[12]. Entries cover individuals, coteries, movements, and events. Le Bon analyzed different kinds of crowds, including criminal crowds, electoral crowds, and parliamentary assemblies. [29] Gustave La Bone, la religion et la vie, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 67. The person Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931 represents an individual (alive, dead, undead, or fictional) associated with resources found in Boston University Libraries. Nevertheless, the Qur’an did not spread by the sword. found: Rouvier, C. Les idées politiques de Gustave Le Bon, c1986: p. 261 (b. During the 9th and 10th centuries, when Arab civilization in Spain was very bright, the centers of culture in the West were no more than towers inhabited by brutal seniors proud of being unlettered. Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931). In his refutation to the argument that this battle rescued the West and Christianity from the Arabs, La Bon says: “Suppose that the Christians failed to overcome the Arabs and that the Arabs found the climate of northern France neither rainy nor cold in such a way that it was pleasant to them to stay there forever, what would Europe have gotten from that? تشتمل على موسوعة من الآف الموضوعات والبحوث والدراسات الموثقة والمواد الصوتية والمرئية والإنفوجرافيك، التي تتناول التاريخ والحضارة الإسلامية بأسلوب سلس وممتع، كما تتناول تراجم موثقة لأبرز الشخصيات التاريخية المؤثرة في التاريخ والحضارة الإنسانية. A similar toleration was shown by the Arabs in all Syrian cities, whose inhabitants soon accepted the sovereignty of the Arabs and most of them embraced Islam instead of Christianity and learnt Arabic as well.”[5], “The conduct of the Commander of the Believers, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattâb, in Jerusalem (Bayt al-Maqdis) proves how kindly the Arab conquerors dealt with the conquered peoples, the opposite of what was done by the Crusaders in Jerusalem many centuries later. Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Repu… Merrill, Trevor. “We see from the Qur’anic verses that Muhammad’s toleration with the Jews and Christians was so great as none among the founders of the religions before him, of Judaism or Christianity, had never been, and we would see how his successors followed his method in this respect. Crowd psychology, also known as mob psychology, is Historically, because large groups of people have been able to bring about dramatic and sudden social change in a manner that bypasses the established due process, they have also provoked controversy. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire on 7 May 1841 to a family of Breton ancestry. In fact, the Arabs established one of the strongest religions which prevailed in the world and whose influence is still more vital than that of any other religion. The crowd’s “collective mind” responds to suggestions more readily than the individual minds of its members, hence its “servility” in the face of strong authority. Access to the full text of the entire article is only available to members of institutions that have purchased access. Contributon Biography His greatest contribution was the book he wrote in 1895 called "The Crowd:A study of the popular mind". In addition he traveled extensively in Europe, Asia, and North Africa and composed a series of travelogues and works on archeology and anthropology, including "La Civilisation des Arabes" and "Les Civilisations de l'Inde" … He offered the Egyptians complete religious freedom, absolute justice and respect for their property, and imposed a fixed annual Jizyah of no more than fifteen franks per capita, as opposed to the high taxes levied by the Roman Caesars. … Meanwhile, the Arabs well ruled the Spaniards, the same as they had done with those of Syria and Egypt. The Psychology Of Peoples [Le Bon, Gustave 1841-1931] on Amazon.com. Le Bon, Gustave (1841?-1931). This influence on the West could be perceived only by imagining the state in which Europe was before civilization was brought to it. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931. Gustave Le Bon (1841–1931) French psychologist and sociologist; Emil Lederer (1882–1939) Harvey Leibenstein (1922–1994) Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (V.I. "Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)." Ulyanov) (1870–1924) Russian revolutionary; Pope Leo XIII (Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci) (1810–1903) Bruno Leoni (1913–1967) Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief (1906–1999) doi:10.4324/9781135000356-REM1586-1, https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company, Discover key events and debates that shaped the Modernist movement, Edward Louis Bernays retains a place in the history of modernity for synthesizing Freudian psychology, political communication (or propaganda) and the media. Muhammad forbade killing monks because they devoted themselves to worship. Such toleration had not been attained in Europe even after suffering along one-thousand years of destructive wars, deep-rooted resentments and bloody carnages.”[2], “The reader will see, in our discussion of the conquests of the Arabs and the causes of their victory, that force was not the main factor of the spread of the Qur’an. Since the very first events, they contacted the native inhabitants of the neighboring territories who, suffering for long centuries from the transgression of their conquerors, were willing to receive, with warmth and gladness, any new conqueror to lighten the severe pressure from them. Gustave Le Bon, Bases scientifiques d'une philosophie de l'histoire. They announced publicly anywhere that they respected the peoples’ creeds, customs and habits and rather satisfied themselves with taking, in return for protecting those peoples, a very little Jizyah much less than what they paid to their previous masters.”[14], “It is they who taught, or say, tried to teach the Christians toleration, the most cherished human characteristic. Crowds are credulous, unpremeditated in their actions, and untrustworthy as a source of reliable testimony. Gustave Le Bon. Obtuvo el título de doctor en 1876. That the Arabs did not make other attempts to conquer this region goes back to the fact that northern France was very cold and rainy and this neither suited them nor encouraged them to stay there. Pensées brèves (1918); Psychologie des temps nouveaux (1920); Le déséquilibre du monde (1923); Les incertitudes de l’heure présente (1923); Bases scientifiques d’une philosophie de l’histoire (1931); and others. Gustave Le Bon (* 7. يصدر عن قصة الإسلام موقع قصة الإسلام لايت الذي تهتم بالموضوعات الخفيفة والمشوقة التي تتعلق بالتاريخ. Indeed, the Arabs were no less influential to the West than they were to the East. About the author: Charles-Marie Gustave le Bon (1841–1931) was one of France’s most famous polymaths, who wrote and studied extensively in the fields of anthropology, psychology, and science. Gustave Le Bon was a French doctor and sociologist and a pioneering figure in social psychology. Hijo de Jean Marie Charles Le Bon y Annette Josephine Eugenic Tetiot Desmar- linais. The opposite was true of the Arabs, who very quickly founded a new civilization extremely different from those prior to it and succeeded in attracting numerous peoples to their religion and language, not to mention their new civilization.”[19], Europe, in its civilization, is indebted to the Arabs, “The Arabs had a great influence on the West, and Europe, in its civilization, is indebted to the Arabs. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. Download This eBook. Fue autor de numerosos trabajos en los que expuso teorías sobre los rasgos nacionales, la superioridad racial, el comportamiento y la psicología de las masas. That is, he did not exterminate them entirely: he rather levied upon them a very little Jizyah and forbade the Muslims to take anything from them.”[17], “The Bedouin tribes in the Arab Peninsula adopted a religion brought by an unlettered person by virtue of which they established, within less than fifty years, a great state like that of Alexander and adorned it with many magnificent buildings which stand as a miraculous sign. : Taylor and Francis, 2016. In every…, Gabriel Tarde was a French social psychologist, sociologist, and criminologist. Gustave Le Bon (7. května 1841, Nogent-le-Rotrou – 13. prosince 1931, Marnes-la-Coquette) byl francouzský sociální psycholog, sociolog, antropolog a amatérský fyzik. His interests then turned to anthropology and psychology. Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931) Gustave Le Bon (n. 7 de mayo, 1841 - † 13 de diciembre, 1931) fue un sociólogo y físico aficionado, en el campo de la psicología social es una gran influencia por sus aportaciones sobre la dinámica social y grupal. … But even, the different peoples had never known tolerant conquerors like the Arabs nor a religion like theirs.”[9], “The forbearance and toleration that characterized the Arab conquerors, of which historians were ignorant, seemed to explain to what extent they were able to expand their conquests. 1841-1931 Густав Le Bon, Gustave, 1842-1931 Le Bon, G. 1841-1931 Gustav Лебон, Гюстав, 1841-1931. . Sein bekanntestes Werk ist das 1895 veröffentlichte Buch Psychologie der Massen. Gustave Le Bon was a French doctor and sociologist and a pioneering figure in social psychology. In the following sentences I am going to quote from the books of many of them, which proves that our opinion on this issue is not just ours. Gustave Le Bon (Francia, 1841-1931) Psicólogo social y escritor francés, fue el primero en describir el fenómeno de las masas y de la colectividad amorfa; por ello algunos le consideran el fundador de la psicología de masas. 1895. It exempts the patriarchs, monks and their servants from taxes. Lire: Benoît Marpeau, Gustave Le Bon - Parcours d'un intellectuel 1841-1931 , CNRS éditions 2000. Nogent-le-Retrou 1841 - Paris 1931. Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931), French social scientist and philosopher. Je představitelem psychologismu . Whenever anyone of them spoke, attention would be paid to him with great respect and he would be asked to rely only on a logical rather than textual proof. They levied upon them only a fixed annual Jizyah as little as no more than a dinar per noble and half a dinar per slave. Date Accessed 21 Dec. 2020 https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. He imposed only a little Jizyah on them. His La Civilization des Arabes (the Civilization of the Arabs) is a clear witness to Islam and Islamic civilization. We will soon see that the Arabs were credited with presenting ancient knowledge to the medieval people and that the western universities, for five centuries, had no scientific resources other than their writings. He granted safety to its people and gave them a pledge of respect for their churches and property and prohibited Muslims to perform their rites in their synagogues.”[6], “‘Amr ibn al-‘Âs, in his conduct in Egypt, was no less kind. [1] Gustave La Bon, La Civilization des Arabes, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 126. This is why the credit of Muhammad on the Arabs was extremely great.”[26], One of the greatest personalities known in history, “Since the value of men is measured with what they do of glorious deeds, Muhammad is one of the greatest personalities known in history. In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. It would not be verbose to refer to what is translated by monsieur Dousi about one of the Arab scholars who devoted himself in Baghdad to many lessons in philosophy attended by Jews, atheists, Magians, Muslims, Christians and others. The Egyptians willingly accepted and were thankful for these conditions, which encouraged them to pay the Jizyah in advance. Le Bon, Gustave لوبون، غوستاف، 1841-1931 Le Bon, G. (Gustave), 1841-1931 Gustave Le Bon لو بون، جوستاف، 1841-1931 لوبون، غوستاف Лебон, Г. Within less than a century, they were able to cultivate dead land, build up ruined cities, construct magnificent buildings and establish trade connections with other nations. If you belong to such an institution, please log in or find out more about Online Books by. But it should be recognized today that all this was the work of the Arabs alone – an opinion opted for by all scholars who studied the Arab writings.”[24], “The more we delve into the study of Arab civilization, scientific books, arts and inventions, the more new facts and extensive horizons will appear to us. Charles Marie Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Gustave Lebon (1841-1931) Ä Å«stāf LÅ« BÅ«n (1841-1931) (arabe) غوستاف لو بون (1841-1931) (arabe) ISNI : ISNI 0000 0001 2100 6485: Information (catalogue BnF archives et manuscrits) : Médecin, Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), fut chargé pendant la guerre de 1870 d'une des divisions des ambulances militaires volantes de l'armée de Paris. Gustave le Bon (1841-1931) He was a French Orientalist and researcher in sociology and psychology. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism. One of these eternal laws that Le Bon constantly invoked is the futility of rationality in the affairs of society: an idea does not prevail because it is true, but by virtue of psychological mechanisms that have nothing to do with reason, such as repetition and “mental contagion.” These mechanisms permit an idea to penetrate into the unconscious, and it is only when an idea does become part of the unconscious that it becomes effective for action. It was sufficient for him to wipe away the pictures hung on the Ka‘bah and cleanse it from the 360 idols which he commanded to be overturned. Politically, they founded one of the greatest states known in history and civilized Europe culturally and morally. He also made the Ka‘bah an Islamic place of worship and soon it became the main house of Islam.”[28], You are indeed on a high model of moral character, “Muhammad was a man of noble manners, wisdom, kindheartedness, compassion, mercy, truthfulness and trustworthiness.”[29], “Few are the nations that excelled the Arabs in civility. Le Bon believed an understanding of crowd psychology was essential for a proper understating of the both history and the nature of man. No ethnos like the Arabs could be fit for a living example of the influence of the factors lying behind the foundation, magnificence and decline of states.”[30]. Gustave Le Bon nació el 7 de mayo de 1841, en Nogent-le-Rotrou, Francia. In spite of carrying the sword to spread their religion, they left those who did not like to adopt it free with their own religious precepts.”, According to Michaud in his History of the Crusades, “The Qur’an which enjoins Jihâd upon the Muslims shows great toleration towards the followers of other religions. The Arabs left the conquered free to practice their religions. His writings have theories of national traits, racial superiority, herd behavior and crowd psychology. Le Bon, Gustave, 1841-1931 -- Travel. Dezember 1931 in Paris) war ein französischer Mediziner, Anthropologe, Psychologe, Soziologe und Erfinder. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. BY GUSTAVE LE BON {b. Beginning in 1902, his Wednesday luncheons attracted the Parisian intellectual and social elite. They also embraced the religion of the Arabs and learned their language willingly. This seemed clearer in Egypt whose Persian, Greek and Roman conquerors did not succeed in changing the ancient Pharaonic civilization and replacing it with their own.”[10], “The Arabs of Spain had ideal chivalry by virtue of their great toleration. No nation has ever achieved the greatest number of inventions within the shortest time as the Arabs did. The whole of the common characteristics with which heredity endows the individuals of a race constitute the genius of the race. In his works, he recognizes the credit of Arab and Islamic civilization on European and Western civilization, not only by transmitting the Greek and Indian cultures but also by making its own tradition. doi:10.4324/9781135000356-REM1586-1, Merrill, T. 2016, 'Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)' in Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism, Taylor and Francis, viewed 21 December 2020, . Today he is known primarily for The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895). May 7, 1841 d. Dec 13, 1931} The following work is devoted to an account of the characteristics of crowds. The Psychology Of Peoples That toleration was recognized by some European scholars who had doubts or those few in number who believed and gazed at the history of the Arabs. Retrieved 21 Dec. 2020, from https://www.rem.routledge.com/articles/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. ‎2 works of Gustave Le Bon French social psychologist, sociologist, Anthropologist, inventor, and amateur physicist (1841-1931) This ebook presents a collection of 2 works of Gustave Le Bon. They used to show mercy to the weak, be kind towards the conquered and abide by the conditions they imposed upon themselves, to the end of those good traits.”[11], However, La Bon does not hide his sorrow for the fact that the Muslims did not rule France and that their conquests in northern France came to end with Poitiers. [18] Gustave La Bon, Les opinions et les croyances, (adapted from the Arabic translation), 6. Then, they devoted themselves to the study of sciences and arts, translation of  Greek and Latin books into Arabic and foundation of  universities that remained the only cultural refuge in Europe for a long time.”[22], “Sicily, at the time the Arabs left it, was culturally, industrially and socially higher than it had been when they entered it. Social scientists have developed several different theories for explaining crowd psychology and the ways in which the psychology of the crowd differs significantly from that of the individuals within it, including the notion of the Collective Unconscious. ‘Umar entered the city in the company of only a small number of Muslims and asked Patriarch Safronius to accompany him in his tour to the holy sites. The Arabs abided by these conditions so much that the Egyptians loved them after they had bitterly suffered from the injustice of the Christian Caesars of Constantinople. Psicólogo social francés nacido en Nogent-le Rotrou el 7 de mayo de 1841 y fallecido en Marne-la Coquette el 15 de diciembre de 1931. In spite of the fact that the Arab civilization perished much like the previous ones, nothing affected the religion of the Prophet which still has the same influence it had in the past and the same great authority over souls, although other older religions lose day after day something of their power.”[16], “Saladin did not like to follow, with the Crusaders, the same barbarous approach their ancestors had followed with the Muslims. (1931) Ouvrage illustré de: 1- Médailles traduisant les sentiments d'une époque; 2- Instruments de l'auteur pour mesurer les variations des personnalités biologiques correspondant aux changements de personnalités mentales; 3- Combinaisons d'architecture montrant l'influence de … Since the value of the civilizational influence of a nation on another is determined by the extent it develops and reforms it, the conclusion will be that the Arabs had a great influence on Sicily.”[23], “It is attributed to Bacon, in general, that he was the first to hold experiment and observation, the pillars of the modern scientific methodology, in the position of the instructor. To receive the latest topics on email directly as they are published, All rights reserved to Islam story website ©2012. … Muhammad was certain that Allâh commanded him to call people to a new religion which He revealed to him in order to renew the world and, by virtue of his certainty, he was able to change the entire world.”[18], “The Arab conquests had a specific character the like of which was missing with other conquerors who came after them.