Il est Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Ibn Noufail Ibn Abd Al-Ouzza Ibn iyah Ibn Abd-Allah Ibn Qourt Ibn Rizah Ibn Adi Ibn Kaâb Ibn Louâay- Ibn Ghaâlib Al-Qoreïchi Al-`Adwi, clan responsable des arbitrages entre les différentes tribus. When Omar was informed about the incident, he ordered Ubaidullah imprisoned, and that the next caliph should decide his fate.[97]. [29], Following the example of the Prophet, Umar sent out emissaries to China and Tibet, inviting their rulers to accept Islam. In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his subjects. Umar's grandfather, Marwan I, was ultimately recognized by these tribes as caliph and, with their support, reasserted Umayyad rule in Syria. According to various Twelver Shia sources and Madelung,[45][46] Omar and Abu Bakr had in effect mounted a political coup against Ali at the Saqifah[41] According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Omar and Abu Bakr are also said to have used force to try to secure the allegiance from Ali and his party. We didn't offer prayers in Al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. [citation needed], Umar II is credited with having ordered the first official collection of hadith (sayings and actions attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad), fearing that some of it might be lost. "[48], Due to the delicate political situation in Arabia[vague], Omar initially opposed military operations against the rebel tribes there,[citation needed] hoping to gain their support in the event of an invasion by the Romans or the Persians. Tandis [3] According to Julius Wellhausen, al-Walid's intention was to use Umar to reconcile the townspeople of Medina to Umayyad rule and "obliterate [sic] the evil memory" of the preceding Umayyad governors, namely Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi, whose rule over Medina had been harsh to its inhabitants. Umar ibn al-Khattab (en arabe : عمر بن الخطاب) fut un des compagnons et le deuxième calife après le décès du Prophète (s).. Il s’est converti à l’islam, lorsqu’il était à La Mecque.Il atteignit le pouvoir par le testament du premier calife, Abu Bakr.Son califat dura dix ans (de 13 à 23 H) et … When he died, the fortress was breached and now people are going out of Islam". Son arbre généalogique rejoint celui du noble Prophète à Ka'b Ibn Lou'ayy. [125] (see Umar at Fatimah's house). Then the Commander Omar granted them this request. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews. Sa … [33] [22] He recommended Muhammad's death. 0 /10. [10] The tradition recognized Umar as an authentic caliph, while the other Umayyads were viewed as kings. Omar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. Il devint un des plus grands compagnons de son temps et fait partie de la deuxième génération des grands compagnons du prophète ﷺ, à l’instar de ʻAbdallah ibn ʻAbbas. [17] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Omar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. [38], Omar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632. Il garantit la sauvegarde des lieux de culte chrétien et ordonna à ses hommes de ne pas les détruire et de ne pas les utiliser comme habitations. [110], Omar never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might amass too much local power. Elle est née cinq années avant la Révélation, la même année que Fâtima, la fille du Prophète. People would enter Islam and not leave. Quel événement majeur s'est passé dans sa vie ? [53][54] [5], In 685, Marwan ousted Ibn al-Zubayr's governor from Egypt and appointed Umar's father to the province. [citation needed], Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Medina and acted as an officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Omar. 581-644 ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, calife, m. 644 Umar ben al-Chattáb, chalifa, -644 VIAF ID: 27868234 (Personal) According to one of Muhammad's companions, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud: Umar's submission to Islam was a conquest, his migration was a victory, his Imamate (period of rule) was a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at the Kaabah until Umar submitted, when he submitted to Islam, he fought them (the pagans) until they left us alone and we prayed. Dhahâbi, dans son ouvrage Al-Kabâ'ir (Les grands péchés), rapporte ce qui suit : « Un jour, un aveugle se présenta chez `Umar Ibn Al-Khattâb avec l'intention de se plaindre du mauvais caractère de son épouse. Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight? He resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion of Arabia. Some branches, such as Jaroudiah (Sarhubiyya), don't accept Omar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs. [citation needed], The Persian slave Piruz Nahavandi (also known as Abu Lulu) brought a complaint to Omar about the high tax charged by his master Mughirah. [16] To the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), he appointed Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari, while al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani was appointed to al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula) and Isma'il ibn Abd Allah to Ifriqiya. After the plague had weakened, in late 639, Omar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of the plague. Chaque fois qu'il rentrait à la maison, il ne supportait de la regarder si belle et si agile, condamnée à demeurer sans foyer. [4] His descent from Caliph Umar would later be much emphasized by Umar II and the traditional Muslim sources to differentiate him from the other Umayyad rulers. According to Tom Holland, Omar's historicity is beyond dispute. Omar is reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire[42] and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate. Sa mère est Houthmah Bintou Hachim. [3] On al-Walid's orders, Umar undertook the reconstruction and expansion of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina beginning in 707. A Mujadid appears at the end of every century: The Mujadid of the 1st century was Imam of Ahlul Sunnah, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Chapter: Umar ibn Khattab. 2, P. 95, International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism, Conquest of Isfahan & Tabaristan (642–643), "Hadith - Book of Companions of the Prophet - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)", "Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1", "The Institute of Ismaili Studies - Institute of Ismaili Studies", "Hadith - Book of Judgments (Ahkaam) - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)", "Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 2", "History Of Science And Technology In Islam", "Khalifa Umar bin al-Khattab – Death of Umar", "Hadith - Book of Model Behavior of the Prophet (Kitab Al-Sunnah) - Sunan Abi Dawud - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)", "Umar Ibn Al-Khattab: His Life and Times, Volume 1". A substantial number of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the Muhajirun.[43]. Fatima bint al Khattab est la soeur de Omar ibn al Khattab. At this stage Omar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Omar when he was openly praying. Muhammad at Medina and R. B. Serjeant "The Constitution of Medina." Early life. The final expedition was launched against Khurasan, where, after the Battle of Oxus River, the Persian empire ceased to exist, and Yazdegerd III fled to Central Asia. [81][82][83] The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. and he took from him the profits he had made. Kaab indicated the Temple Rock, now a gigantic heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter. [3] Likewise, he was at the caliph's side at the Muslims' marshaling camp at Dabiq in northern Syria, where Sulayman directed the massive war effort to conquer the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 717. For instance, Jarudiyya believes that Muhammad appointed Ali and believes that the denial of the Imamate of Ali after Muhammad's passing would lead to infidelity and deviation from the right path. ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, Caliph, -644 ʿUmar b. al-Ḵaṭṭāb ca591-644 عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ʿUmar ibn al-H̱aṭṭāb, 0581-0644 ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, ca. [18], Umar is often deemed a pacifist by the sources, despite ruling over the most extensive Muslim empire in history,[19]s and Cobb attributes the caliph's war-weariness to concerns over the diminishing funds of the Caliphate's treasury. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Amir, usually appointed by Omar himself, but occasionally also appointed by the provincial governor. Later in Omar's reign as caliph, Muhammad ibn Muslamah would be assigned the office of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Omar himself led reinforcements there from Medina. It seems that his prayer has been answered in your favour. Omar Ibn Khattab : Episode 4 - Affaires familiales, torture et boycott des musulmans After consulting with the poor, Omar established the first welfare state, Bayt al-mal. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first time. De : Al Moutaqi al-Hindi [wiki: ar] Volume 15, page 730 . [102] Omar's eldest son Abdullah described his father as "a man of fair complexion, a ruddy tint prevailing, tall, bald and grey". For internally displaced people, Omar hosted a dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had attendance of more than a hundred thousand people. We fit everyone. Surah Al-Fatihah(الفاتحة) 1:1 In the Name of Allah—the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Under Omar the empire was divided into the following provinces: Omar was first to establish a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State. His reforms included strict abolition of drinking, forbidding public nudity, elimination of mixed bathrooms for men and women and fair dispensation of Zakat. Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr, son of the late caliph Abu Bakr, confirmed that, a few days before Omar's assassination, he saw this dagger in Hurmuzan's possession. [124] According to the majority of Twelver scholar writings, Fatimah was physically assaulted by Omar, that this caused her to miscarry her child, Muhsin ibn Ali, and led to her death soon after. [10] Wellhausen notes that the caliph did not leave the governors to their own devices in return for their forwarding of the provincial revenues; rather, he actively oversaw his governors' administrations and his main interest was "not so much the increase of power as the establishment of right". Omar ibn al-Khattab translation in French-English dictionary. [75] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. Known examples of such settlements are Basra and Kufa, in Iraq, and Fustat south of what would later become Cairo. However, some Twelver scholars, such as Fadhlalla, reject these accounts of physical abuse as a "myth",[126] although Fadlallah mentioned that his speech is a probability, and not a certain reason to reject that event. In the battle against Musaylimah, Zayd ibn al-Khattab called out to the forces: :"Men, bite with your jaw teeth, strike the enemy and press on.By God, I shall not speak to you after this until either Musaylamah is defeated or I meet God." Omar Ibn Khattab … State officials were excluded from entering into any business. [64] Omar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. [6] Umar spent part of his childhood in Egypt, particularly in Hulwan, which had become the seat of his father's governorship between 686 and his death in 705. He was adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad, and very prominent in persecuting Muslims. [9] Omar was eventually killed by the Persian Piruz Nahavandi (known as ’Abū Lu’lu’ah in Arabic) in 644 CE. Entendue durant le mois béni de Ramadan 1441 de l'hégire sur Radio Sunnite, la voix de l'APBIF. [3] The elevation of Umar, a member of a cadet branch of the dynasty, in preference to the numerous princes descended from Abd al-Malik surprised these princes. A three-pronged attack against Jazirah was launched from Iraq. Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, p. 62, Sahih-al-Bhukari book of Maghazi, Ghazwa Zaat-ul-Sallasal, Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq, by Mohammad Allias Aadil, pp. Omar ibn al-Khattâb est un compagnon et ami proche de Mahomet, le prophète de l'islam, et faisait partie du clan des Banu `Adi de la tribu Quraych. Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm and Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri are among those who compiled hadiths at Umar II's behest.[24]. [111], He would patrol the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, ready to punish any offenders he might come across. A night before Omar's assassination, reported Abdur Rahman bin Awf, he saw Hurmuzan, Jafina and Abu Lulu, while they were suspiciously discussing something. He was an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). Omar died of the wounds three days later on Wednesday 3 November 644 (26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 AH). Sources indicate that a threat was made to burn Ali's house if he refused, but the encounter ended when Fatimah, wife of Ali, intervened. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the area around it with their wives and children.". It was only when Omar marched into Jerusalem with an army that he asked Kaab, who was Jewish before he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me to build a place of worship?" Présentation : Cette série retrace la vie d’Omar ibn al-Khattab al-Faruq, le deuxième calife des musulmans. Efforts in inviting people to Islam (Dawah), sfn error: no target: CITEREFAl-Tabari1990 (, tribal factionalism of the Qays and Yaman, "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "The Great Khalifah Umar ibn Abdul Aziz - TurnToIslam Islamic Forum & Social Network", "Umar bin Abdulaziz's tomb desecrated in Syria's Idlib", "Iran-backed terrorist groups exhume shrine of Muslim caliph Omar bin Abdulaziz in Syria's Idlib", Califes, émirs et cadis : le droit califal et l’articulation de l’autorité judiciaire à l’époque umayyade, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umar_II&oldid=995043821, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 22 September 717 – 4 February 720 CE/101 AH, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam. [29] This further helped the Muslims to gain confidence in practicing Islam openly. [28] The unanimous view in the Muslim traditional sources is that Umar was pious and ruled like a true Muslim in singular opposition to the other Umayyad caliphs, who were generally considered "godless usurpers, tyrants and playboys". Pasture lands and game reserves, which were reserved for the family of the dignitaries, were evenly distributed among the poor for the purpose of cultivation. [8] Indeed, shortly after his accession in late 717, he ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army led by his cousin Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik from their abortive siege against Constantinople to the region of Malatya, closer to the Syrian frontier. [citation needed] This was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. [2] At the time of his birth, another branch of the Umayyads, the Sufyanids, ruled the Caliphate from Damascus. en Strongly condemns the setting on fire of the church of the Nativity and the Omar Ibn Al-Khattab mosque in Bethlehem and the shelling with artillery fire of the Al-Baik and Al-Kabir mosques in Nablus. [74] He is regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he started the process of codifying Islamic Law. [72] He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Monks out in the Judaean desert had long been casting themselves as warriors of God. Under previous Umayyad rulers, beginning with Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf,[26] Arab Muslims had certain financial privileges over non-Arab Muslims. Abu Bakr appointed Omar as his successor before dying in 634 CE. It was then that Omar ordered the rubbish on the Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Under Omar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. As a leader, 'Omar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. [132][133], Omar married nine women in his lifetime and had fourteen children: ten sons and four daughters. Son arbre généalogique rejoint celui du noble Prophète à Ka'b Ibn Lou'ayy. Lorsque 'Omar s'approcha de la maison et qu'ils sentirent sa présence, Khabbâb se trouva une cachette et Fâtima s'empressa de cacher le parchemin. In the second phase of the battle, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the tide of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Omar among them. [3] Along the Caliphate's northeastern frontiers, in Transoxiana, Islam had already been established in a number of cities, precluding Umar's withdrawal of Arab troops from there. [33], Umar II was succeeded by Yazid II. ʻAbdallah ibn ʻOmar (ibn Al-Khattab), qu’Allah l’agrée, était le fils du grand compagnon et émir des croyants ʻOmar ibn Al-Khattab. Umar était triste de voir sa fille, si jeune, vivre dans le veuvage. [48][49] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to his prestige, was that his earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most distinctive cast of virtues. Hafsa bint `Omar Ibn Khattab . In a sullen mood, Piruz said, "Verily I will make such a mill for you, that the whole world would remember it".[96]. [citation needed] He killed Hurmuzan, Jafinah, and the daughter of Omar's assassin Abu Lulu, who is believed to have been a Muslim. Omar then is reported to have asked Abu Lulu: "I heard that you make windmills; make one for me as well." And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them. [3] Despite the withdrawal, Umar kept up the annual summer raids against the Byzantine frontier,[3] out of the obligation to jihad. In his youth he used to tend to his father's camels in the plains near Mecca. Eric Younous - Duration: 46:27. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands. "The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient site of the Temple as it was, and had even thrown rubbish on it, so that a great heap of rubble formed." According to Nazeer Ahmed, it was during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz that Islam took roots and was accepted by a large segment of the population of Persia and Egypt. In 638 CE, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia. [95] The assassination was planned several months earlier. R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1978), 41: 1–42, Cambridge University Press. [21] However, he prevented further eastward expansion. It is also reported in the name of the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the rock known as the Temple Mount had been a place of ruins as far back as the time of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. By Allah, the messenger of Allah will indeed return just as Moses returned (to his people) and he will cut off the hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died. La performance des acteurs ainsi que la réalisation donnent à Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Al-Faruq un charme attirant. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème islam, rappel islam, hadith. [12] Potential intra-dynastic conflict was averted with the designation of a son of Abd al-Malik, Yazid II, as Umar's successor. Il s’agit du fils d’Omar ibn al-Khattab. Umar put into practice a new system that exempted all Muslims, regardless of their heritage, from the jizya tax. Following his conversion, Omar went to inform the chief of Quraish, Amr ibn Hishām, about his acceptance of Islam. Mais qui est-elle ? 'Omar la lui accorda; une fois entré chez 'Omar, il lui dit : "Gare à toi, ô Ibn Al Khattab! [17][20] Like others around him, Omar was fond of drinking in his pre-Islamic days. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, from the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. NaderAbouAnas 117,683 views. He said: "Umar was a fortress of Islam. [90] Since the so-called Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their own laws in the Caliphate and had their own judges. Militarily, Umar is sometimes deemed a pacifist, since he ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army in places such as Constantinople and Central Asia despite being a good military leader. [citation needed] His teeth were ashnabul asnan (very white shining). Omar died on 3 November 644; on 7 November Uthman succeeded him as caliph. He issued an edict on taxation stating: Whosoever accepts Islam, whether Christian, Jew or Zoroastrian, of those now subject to taxes and who joins himself to the body of the Muslims in their abode, forsaking the abode in which he was before, he shall have the same rights and duties as they have, and they are obliged to associate with him and to treat him as one of themselves. [citation needed] Historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said that "Omar was ambidextrous, he could use both his hands equally well". "[31][32] Omar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Eric Younous officiel 41,854 views Other officers at the provincial level were: In some districts there were separate military officers, though the Wali was, in most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province. Dette var et tungt ansvar for Umar, som han ikke ville bære videre efter sin død. However, like many others in Mecca, Omar opposed Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. According to Nazeer Ahmed, it was during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz that the Islamic faith took roots and was accepted by huge segments of the population of Persia and Egypt. Strengthen Islam with either Omar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' He is said to have participated in the wrestling matches on the occasion of the annual fair of Ukaz. It was Piruz who was assigned the mission of assassinating Omar. [8] Umar remained in northern Syria, often residing at his estate in Khunasira, where he built a fortified headquarters. [17][18] He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as an arbitrator among the tribes. Les remords (Pour illustration : Omar Ibn Al-Khattab) Histoire. While Omar was on his way to visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity, and suggested that Omar go back to Medina. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. He was also a matrilineal great-grandson of the second caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. On hearing this, Khabbab came out from inside and said: "O, Omar! [100] The only one out of the 'famous ten' left out of the committee who was still alive at the time was Saeed ibn Zaid, the cousin and brother-in-law of Omar. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.[71]. He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Sa mère est Houthmah Bintou Hachim. As a merchant he was unsuccessful. He washed his body and then began to read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). [citation needed], His strategy resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638, where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of Jazira, aided by the Byzantine Emperor, made an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to Emesa (Homs). [3] Wellhausen asserts that Umar was "disinclined to wars of conquest, well-knowing that they were waged, not for God, but for the sake of spoil". South Africa: Durban: 1881 S The Juma Masjid was the first mosque to be built in Durban, and the oldest and largest in the Southern Hemisphere. [28] Úmar ibn al-Khattab, també anomenat Úmar I o Úmar el Gran —en àrab: عمر بن الخطاب, Umar ibn al-Ḫattāb— (la Meca, vers el 581 - Medina, 4 de novembre de 644), va ser entre els anys 634 a 644 el segon califa de l'Islam, successor d'Abu-Bakr as-Siddiq, i primer califa a dur el títol d'amir al-muminín ('príncep dels creients'). [112], Omar's swift imposition of justice against his governors for misdeeds made even powerful governors such as Muawiyah scared of him. Toute nouveauté est innovation, toute innovation est égarement et tout During his rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. He was first to establish the army as a state department. When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. [citation needed] Omar finally appointed a committee of six persons to choose a caliph from amongst them: Abdur Rahman bin Awf, Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, Talha ibn Ubaidullah, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. In his will he instructed Omar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts. [104][105], Early Muslim historians Ibn Saad and Al-Hakim mention that Abu Miriam Zir, a native of Kufa, described Omar as being "advanced in years, bald, of a tawny colour – a left handed man, tall and towering above the people". Omar était le cadet du saint Prophète saws de douze ans et fils de Khattab. When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Omar initially disbelieved that he was dead. [78] The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the Rashidun army. Through his personal example, he inculcated piety, steadfastness, business ethics and moral rectitude in the general population. Omar at last gave in. [2] : Le premier calife [3] : Khalid ibn al-Walid. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, his vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach. When Caliph Yazid I and his son and successor, Mu'awiya II, died in quick succession in 683 and 684, respectively, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and the Umayyads of the Hejaz, including Medina, were expelled by supporters of the rival caliph, the Mecca-based Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr.