La Commune ayant protesté, le Girondin Isnard prononça un terrible réquisitoire contre Paris. Although Hébert did not create the image of the Père Duchesne, his use of the character helped to transform the symbolic image of Père Duchesne from that of a comical stove-merchant into a patriotic role model for the sans culottes. In part, this was due to the Paris Commune deciding to buy his papers and distribute them to the French military for distribution to soldiers in training. |"The trial took place on 21–4 March, its result a foregone conclusion. Biographie. For example, starting in 1792 the Paris Commune and the ministers of war Jean-Nicolas Pache and, later, Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte bought several thousand copies of Le Père Duchesne which were distributed free to the public and troops. [14] Hébert fainted several times on the way to the guillotine, and screamed hysterically when he was placed under the blade. Because he reflected both the speech and dressing style of his audience, his readers listened to and followed his message. Sonenscher, Michael. [2], These stories encouraged violent behaviors and utilized foul language; Père Duchesne's stories were also witty, reflective, and resonated deeply with Parisian workers. Jacques René Hébert (French: ; 15 November 1757 – 24 March 1794) was a French journalist and the founder and editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne during the French Revolution.. Hébert was a leader of the French Revolution and had thousands of followers as the Hébertists (French Hébertistes); he himself is sometimes called Père Duchesne, after his newspaper. N'hésitez pas à nous poser tout type de question. La monarchie tombée, ils formèrent à la Convention un groupe nombreux. 25 No. As a member of Cordeliers club, he had a seat in the revolutionary Paris Commune where on 9 and 10 August 1792 he was sent to the Bonne-Nouvelle section of Paris. By "More than Words: The Printing Press and the French Revolution". He was born on 15 November 1757 at Alençon, to goldsmith, former trial judge, and deputy consul Jacques Hébert (died 1766) and Marguerite Beunaiche de Houdrie (1727–1787). When Hébert accused Marie-Antoinette during her trial of incest with her son, Robespierre called him a fool ("imbécile").[13]. Following Louis's failed flight to Varennes he began to attack both Louis and Pope Pius VI as well. [citation needed], After successfully attacking the Girondins, Hébert continued to attack others whom he viewed as too moderate, including Danton, Philippeaux, and Robespierre in the fall of 1793 among others. On the next day, the worship of the deistic Supreme Being was inaugurated as an official aspect of the Revolution. As a public journalist, he supported the September Massacres. Landes, Joan. [citation needed]. La Commission fit arrêter Hébert, substitut du procureur. He was fired for stealing. Pour se défendre, les Girondins créèrent une commission de douze membres chargée d'enquêter sur les actes de la Commune ( 18 mai 1793). Compared with Hébert's somewhat popular festivals, this austere new religion of Virtue was received with signs of hostility by the Parisian public. The order was to arrest the leaders of the Hébertists; these included individuals in the War Ministry and others. Hébert's executioners amused the crowd by adjusting the guillotine so that its blade stopped inches above his neck,[15] and it was only after the fourth time the lever (déclic) was pulled that he was actually beheaded. Fils d’Étienne Chabot, cuisinier au collège de Rodez, François Chabot entra dans les ordres, en 1772, au couvent des Capucins de Rodez. Le Guichet du Savoir est un service gratuit de Questions-Réponses de la Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon. For a while he passed through a difficult financial time and lived through the support of a hairdresser in rue des Noyers. In February 1793, he voted with fellow bourgeois Hébertists against the Maximum Price Act, a price ceiling on grain, on the grounds it would cause hoarding and stir resentment. Homme politique français... Ensemble des groupements et partis politiques qui professent des opinions... Groupe politique pendant la Révolution française. Hébert was a leader of the French Revolution and had thousands of followers as the Hébertists (French Hébertistes); he himself is sometimes called Père Duchesne, after his newspaper. It's easy! Dechristianization was a movement that took hold during the French Revolution in which advocates believed that, in order to pursue a secular society, they had to reject the superstitions of the old regime and, as an extension, Catholicism. On 22 December 1792, he was appointed the second substitute of the procureur of the commune, and through to August 1793 supported the attacks against the Girondin faction. (Father Duchesne is very angry today!). Among those who went to the scaffold with Pere Duchesne on the afternoon of the twenty-fourth were Vincent, Ronsin, and the leader of section Marat, Momoro. Juste ce que j'ai trouvé de simple ( mais pas trop non plus) via le net. It is estimated that Hébert received 205,000 livres from this purchase.[4]. Another writer at the time, Lemaire, also wrote a newspaper entitled Père Duchêne (although he spelt it differently than Hébert) from September 1790 until May 1792 in which he assumed the voice of a "moderate patriot" who wanted to conserve the relationship between the king and the nation. [5] Hébert was not the only writer during the French Revolution to use the image of Père Duchesne nor was he the only author in the period to adopt foul language as a way of appealing to the working class. ", Page 27 BBC History Magazine, September 2015, "Opinions et réflexions sur la loi martiale dans la presse et les pamphlets (1789‑1792)", Joachim Vilate (1795) Causes secrètes de la révolution du 9 au 10 thermidor, p. 12-13, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Hébert&oldid=979902738, Newspaper editors of the French Revolution, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Jacques Hébert (?-1766) and Marguerite La Beunaiche de Houdré (1727–1787), Journalist, writer, publisher, politician, This page was last edited on 23 September 2020, at 12:26. Sous la Législative, quelques députés élus par le département de la Gironde ( Vergniaud, Guadet, etc...) s'étaient liés d'amitié avec Brissot et ses amis ( Buzot, Louvet, Pétion, Roland et sa femme, etc...). Hébert agreed with most of the ideals of the radical Montagnard faction; however, he was not a member of the faction. He was never afraid to fully display exactly how he was feeling. Diplomacy, Austrophobia, and the Queen." En réponse, le 31 mai, les sections de sans-culottes, soutenues par les Montagnards, vinrent exiger la mise en accusation des principaux Girondins et la suppression de la commission. En réponse, le 31 mai, les sections de sans-culottes, soutenues par les Montagnards, vinrent exiger la mise en accusation des principaux Girondins et la suppression de la commission. Réponse garantie en 72h max. French revolutionary historians such as Jean-Paul Bertraud, Jeremy D. Popkin, and William J. Murray each investigated French Revolutionary press history and determined that while the newspapers and magazines that one read during the revolution may have influenced their political leanings, it did not necessarily create their political leanings. Many of the conversations that Père Duchesne carries with her in the newspaper are attempts at either showcasing her supposed nymphomania or attempts to beg her to repent and reverse her wicked ways. Knowing that the queen was an easy target for ridicule after the Diamond Necklace Affair, she became a consistent target in the paper as a scapegoat for many of France's political problems. However, Hébert had been warned in time, and, with the support of the Sans Culottes, the National Convention was forced to order his release three days later. One's class, for example, could be a significant determinant in directing and influencing one's political decisions. In April–May 1793 he, along with Marat and others, violently attacked Girondins. The trend toward secularization had already begun to take hold throughout France during the eighteenth century; however, between September 1793 and August 1794, French politicians began discussing and embracing notions of "radical dechristianization. C'est costaud tout ça, ce n'est que le CRPE on dirait une réponse de CAPES HISTOIRE-GEO ! La Commune ayant protesté, le Girondin Isnard prononça un terrible réquisitoire contre Paris. French History, Vol. Hébert's political commentary between 1790 and 1793 focused on the lavish excesses of the monarchy. [3] In part, Hébert's use of Père Duchesne as a revolutionary symbol can be seen by his appearance as a bristly old man who was portrayed as smoking a pipe and wearing a Phrygian cap. You need to be a member in order to leave a comment. On 20 May 1793 the moderate majority of the National Convention formed the Special Commission of Twelve, which was designed to investigate and prosecute conspirators. Définitions de Montagnard. Nous focalisons d’abord notre attention sur l’histoire des désignants politiques « Montagne », « Gironde » et « sans-culottes », qui nous paraissent relever d’un système complexe d’hétéro-désignation et d’auto-désignation. 3 (1984): 326. Dans notre article, nous analysons le rapport entre les choix et actions politiques et le discours, en considérant le discours lui-même comme une action. Au gré des missions de ses membres dans les départements et aux armées, mais aussi en fonction des congés et de diverses absences, la Convention nationale a très souvent été amputée d’une partie importante de son effectif théorique. The French linguist and historian Ferdinand Brunot called Hébert "The Homer of filth" because of his ability to use common language to appeal to general audiences[4] In addition, Père Duchesne's appearance played into the tensions of the revolution through the sharp contrast of his clothing and portrayal as a laborer against the crown and aristocracy's formal attire. For other people named Jacques Hébert, see, Significant civil and political events by year, Clash with Robespierre, arrest, conviction, and execution. His violent attacks of the period were aimed at Jean-Sifrein Maury, a great defender of papal authority and the main opponent of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. [16] That being said, his wide readership and voice throughout the Revolution means that he was a significant public figure and Le Père Duchesne's ability to influence the general population of France was indeed notable. Many writers and journalists at the time were greatly influenced by the proclamation of martial law on 21 October 1789. The government, with support from the Jacobins, was exasperated and finally decided to strike on the night of 13 March 1794, despite the reluctance of Barère de Vieuzac, Collot d'Herbois and Billaud-Varenne. Il y dénonce les agissements politiques des Girondins. In 1790, he attracted attention through a pamphlet he published, and became a prominent member of the club of the Cordeliers in 1791. In the Revolutionary Tribunal, Hébert was treated very differently from Danton, more like a thief than a conspirator; his earlier scams were brought to light and criticized. Journaliste et homme politique français... Régime sous lequel la France a vécu de septembre 1792 à mai... Ensemble des mouvements révolutionnaires qui mirent fin en France à l'Ancien... Maximilien de Robespierre. This happened again in May and June 1793 when the Minister of War bought copies of newspapers in order to "enlighten and animate their patriotism." Le Père Duchesne began to attack Lafayette, Mirabeau, and Bailly. Marie's passport from this time shows regular use. Doyle (1989); p.270. Copyright © Enseignants du primaire Hébert Jacques René (1757 - 1794) Homme politique de médiocre envergure, membre de la Commune et du club des Cordeliers, Hébert est avant tout le rédacteur du Père Duchesne. Ils venaient pour la plupart de la province , tandis que les chefs montagnards étaient les élus de Paris. (Sous la II e République, on donna aussi le nom de … By identifying Marie Antoinette's lavish excesses and alleged sexuality as the core of the monarchy's problems, Hébert's articles suggested that, if Marie Antoinette would change her ways and renounce aristocratic excesses, then the monarchy could be saved and the queen could return to the good will of the people. Voilà de quoi déméler tes pinceaux: http://www.memo.fr/Article.asp?ID=PAY_FRA_1RE_001. Sign up for a new account in our community. Lemaire's character also used a slew of profanities and would address France's military. He was already well known by the people of Paris and only wanted his message to be received directly and clearly by his followers and not his enemies. Jacques-René Hébert studied law at the College of Alençon and went into practice as a clerk in a solicitor of Alençon, at which time he was ruined by a lawsuit against a Dr. Clouet. Street hawkers would yell: Il est bougrement en colère aujourd’hui le père Duchesne! From 1790 until his death in 1794 Hébert became a voice for the working class of Paris through his highly successful and influential journal, Le Père Duchesne. La majorité n'ayant cédé que sur le second point, elles revinrent à la charge le 2 juin, tandis que la Garde nationale cernait la Convention : 29 députés girondins furent mis hors la loi. (Sous la II. Powered by Invision Community, http://www.memo.fr/Article.asp?ID=PAY_FRA_1RE_001. Their execution by guillotine took place on 24 March 1794. He constantly felt great anger but also would experience great happiness. Les girondins osnt plus modérés alors que les montagnards sont plus offensifs... C'est parmi les montagnards que l'on trouve Robespierre... si quelqu'un pouvait m'expliquer rapidement avec ses mots ca m'aiderait...cette pèriode qui ve de 1789 à 1815 est confuse pour moi...j'aimerais y voir clair et ne retenir que les grands moments essentiels... L'antagonisme entre Girondins et Montagnards avait commencé bien avant la chute de la monarchie. Député de la Montagne, qui siégeait, à la Convention, sur... Assemblée élue au suffrage universel direct, qui, avec le Sénat... Club révolutionnaire fondé à Paris en avril 1790 sous le nom de... Georges Jacques Danton. Avec ces outils, on pourrait comparer, par exemple, l’usage que les divers acteurs (1) Archives Parlementaires (désormais AP), 102 vol., Paris, Dupont/CNRS, 1862-2012. je me mélange les pinceaux...quelles est la différence entre les deux? Effrayés par les troubles qu'ils avaient contribué à susciter, les Girondins s'élevèrent contre l'action de la toute-puissante commune de Paris: ils s'opposaient à la prédominance politique de la capitale et à la centralisation souhaitée par la Montagne, qui, en revanche, les accusait de fédéralisme. Although the character of Père Duchesne supported a constitutional monarchy, he was always highly critical of Marie Antoinette. En avril 1793, la création du Comité de Salut public, d'où ils furent exclus, diminua encore leur influence. It is said he lived through expediency and scams. 3 (2000): 241–271. – comme le texte complet des Archives parlementaires1 ou du Moniteur Universel – pour les analyser avec les logiciels lexicométriques. [citation needed] They married on 7 February 1792, and had a daughter, Virginia Scipion-Hébert (7 February 1793 – 13 July 1830). [7] With the king's failed flight to Varennes his tone significantly hardened. He used a mythical character called the Père Duchesne to be able to relay his message in a more subtle way. His corpse was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. Député de la Montagne, qui siégeait, à la Convention, sur les gradins les plus élevés. Député de la Montagne, qui siégeait, à la Convention, sur les gradins les plus élevés. In his journal, Hébert assumed the voice of a patriotic sans-culotte named Père Duchesne and would write first-person narratives in which Père Duchesne would often relay fictitious conversations that he had with the French monarchs or government officials. Hébert's paper, however, became far more popular. He then entered the service of a doctor. Homme politique français... Députés de la Montagne, qui siégeaient, à la Convention, sur les... Pour les mots « sandwich » ou « match », quel pluriel faut-il utiliser de préférence en français ? La Commission fit arrêter Hébert, substitut du procureur. "[10] While Robespierre advocated for the right to religion and believed that aggressively pursuing dechristianization would spur widespread revolts throughout rural France, Hébert and his followers, the Hébertists, wanted to spontaneously and violently overhaul religion. Kaiser, Thomas. He entertained Jean-Nicolas Pache, the mayor of Paris and Minister of War, for weeks, as well as other influential men, and liked to dress elegantly and surround himself with beautiful objects such as pretty tapestries—an attitude that can be contrasted to that of Paris Commune president Pierre Gaspard Chaumette. Illustration from the Père Duchesne broadsides. Hébert est élu substitut du procureur de la Commune, Chaumette, il est un des adversaires les plus violents des Girondins. [11] The program of dechristianization waged against Catholicism, and eventually against all forms of Christianity, included the deportation of clergy and the condemnation of many of them to death, the closing of churches, the institution of revolutionary and civic cults, the large scale destruction of religious monuments, the outlawing of public and private worship and religious education, forced marriages of the clergy and forced abjurement of their priesthood. Eighteenth-Century Studies Vol. Hébert fled first to Rouen and then to Paris. His widow was executed twenty days later on 13 April 1794, and her corpse was disposed of in the Errancis Cemetery. Where he got the financial resources to support his lifestyle is unclear; however, there are Jean-Nicolas Pache's commissions to print thousands of issues of Le Père Duchesne and his relationship to Delaunay d'Angers, mistress and wife of Andres Maria de Guzman. Dès les premières séances, la lutte s'engagea. À la fin de 1792, les Girondins furent pratiquement exclus du club, qui devint entièrement montagnard et comptait de nombreuses filiales en province. It is difficult to ascertain the extent to which Hébert's publication Le Père Duchesne impacted the outcomes of political events between 1790 and 1794. Le 17 mai 1793, Camille Desmoulins, un ami de Danton et de Robespierre, au club des Jacobins (club politique alors le haut lieu de l'action montagnarde), présente son Histoire des Brissotins ou Fragment de l'histoire secrète de la Révolution (Brissotin est l'équivalent de Girondin). He was sentenced to death with his co-defendants on the third day of deliberations. 14 No. In 1789, he began his writing with a pamphlet "la Lanterne magique ou le Fléau des Aristocrates" (Magic Lantern, or Scourge of Aristocrats). [12] On 21 October 1793 a law was passed which made all suspected priests and all persons who harbored them liable to death on sight. Ceux qu'on appelait alors les "Brissotins" ( le nom de Girondins leur fut donné plus tard) poussaient de toutes leurs forces à la déclaration de guerre, s'opposant sur ce point à Robespierre. Therefore, Hébert's writings certainly influenced his audience to some extent, but that does not mean that it changed the political outcomes of the French Revolution. [12], On 10 November 1793, dechristianization reached what many historians consider the climax of the movement when the Hébertists moved the first celebration of the Festival of Reason, a civic festival celebrating the goddess of Reason, from the Circus of the Palais Royale to the Cathedral of Notre Dame and reclaimed the cathedral as a "Temple of Reason. During this time, Hébert had a luxurious, bourgeois life. Social History Vol. He published a few booklets. Peu favorables aux mesures de rigueur préconisées par la Montagne en matière économique et sociale, ils furent accusés de paralyser le gouvernement à l'heure du danger. Review of Revolution in Print: The Press in France, by Robert Darton, Daniel Roche; Naissance du Journal Revolutionnaire, by Claude Labrosse, Pierre Retat; La Revolution du Journal, by Pierre Retat; Revolutionary News; The Press in France, by Jeremy D. Popkin. "Who’s Afraid of Marie-Antoinette? There he found work in a theater, la République, where he wrote plays in his spare time, but these were never produced. Père Duchesne was a very strong, outspoken character with extremely high emotions. 1 (1991): 85–91. Initially, from 1790 and into 1792, Le Père Duchesne supported a constitutional monarchy and was even favorable towards King Louis XVI and the opinions of the Marquis de La Fayette. On 17 July 1791, Hébert was at the Champ de Mars to sign a petition to demand the removal of King Louis XVI and was caught up in the subsequent Champ de Mars massacre by troops under Lafayette. Jacques René Hébert (French: [ebɛʁ]; 15 November 1757 – 24 March 1794) was a French journalist and the founder and editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne during the French Revolution.[1]. [6] Initially, Hébert was trying to not only educate his readers about the queen, but also awaken her to how she was viewed by the French public. At the urging of the Twelve on 24 May 1793 he was arrested. This put him in the revolutionary mindset, and the Le Père Duchesne adopted a sloppier style to better appeal to the masses. A Letter by Jacques Hébert to Citizen Pierre-François Palloy. Jacques Hébert. "The Sans-culottes of the Year II: Rethinking the Language of Labour in Revolutionary France". BLA, March 10, 2007 in Histoire, géographie, histoire des arts. Despite his view that the monarchy could be restored, Hébert was skeptical of the queen's willingness to do so and often characterized her as an evil enemy of the people by referring to Marie Antoinette as "Madame Veto" and even addressing Louis XVI as "drunken and lazy; a cuckolded pig". It invoked various questions and patterns of Revolutionary thinking and inspired various forms of writing such as Le Père Duchesne. The law prompted multiple interpretations all of which led to what became essential Revolutionary ideals. 9 No. [8], In his newspaper, Le Père Duchesne, Hébert did not use himself as the prime example of the Revolution. "[11] On 7 June Robespierre, who had previously condemned the Cult of Reason, advocated a new state religion and recommended that the Convention acknowledge the existence of God. Hébert met his future wife Marie Goupil (born 1756), a 37-year-old former nun who had left convent life at the Sisters of Providence convent at rue Saint-Honoré. He would constantly use foul language and other harsh words to express himself.[9]. Les défaites militaires et la trahison de Dumouriez, leur ami, augmentèrent leur discrédit.